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The Essays or Counsels Civil and Moral (Oxford World's Classics), by Francis Bacon
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Published in 1625, Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral provides dispassionate observation of human life and powerfully expressed moral judgments. Bacon focuses on the ethical, political, and historical influences on human behavior and records observations on such diverse topics as beauty, deformity, fortune, adversity, truth, marriage, and atheism. Based on the Oxford Authors series, this edition contains substantial annotation and notes on Bacon's rich vocabulary.
- Sales Rank: #2747821 in Books
- Published on: 1999-08-12
- Original language: Spanish
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 5.10" h x .60" w x 7.70" l,
- Binding: Paperback
- 272 pages
From the Publisher
Kessinger Publishing reprints over 1,500 similar titles all available through Amazon.com.
About the Author
Brian Vickers is Professor of English Literature and Director of the Centre for Renaissance Studies at the ETH, Zurich.
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3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Good Advice from Satan's Kingdom
By J C E Hitchcock
The modern essay as a literary form was the invention of the Frenchman Michel de Montaigne, whose "Essais" were first published in 1580. The word "essai" in French means a trial or attempt, and this was at one time the normal meaning of "essay" in English; Bacon was the first to use the word in its current literary sense. His "Essays" were first published in 1597, although he was to publish revised and expanded editions in 1612 and 1625, a year before his death. In its final form the work includes 58 essays; these are published here together with an unfinished fragment, "Of Fame".
Bacon's "Essays" are meditations on a range of subjects, mostly on weighty general subjects such as "Of Truth", "Of Death" or "Of Love". Although a vast amount could be written on almost any of the topics he treats, the essays are nearly all very brief, some less than two pages in length. All 58 essays together account for well under 200 pages in total. And yet Bacon is skilled in the art of saying much in little, and however brief one of his essays may be it always contains food for thought. He is a master of the pithy epigram or "aphorism, such as ""Men fear death, as children fear to go into the dark", ""He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune"- the first known use of this phrase- or "Fortune is like the market where, many times, if you can stay a little, the price will fall". He often supports his arguments with quotations from the Bible and from Classical authors, Tacitus and Seneca being particular favourites. (He generally quotes Roman authors in the original Latin, although Greek ones are always translated).
Although Bacon wrote a book, "The New Atlantis", describing an ideal society along the lines of More's "Utopia", the world-view which emerges from the "Essays" is far from Utopian. His essays on political subjects, which are generally among the longer ones in the collection, are less concerned with questions of an ideal society, or even of political morality, than with giving advice to princes and rulers as to how they might best retain and consolidate their power. On such topics he was clearly influenced by the Italian philosopher Machiavelli, an approach which has struck some commentators as immoral, or at least amoral. In his introduction the editor Michael Hawkins quotes William Blake's view of the "Essays", "Good advice from Satan's kingdom". On religion Bacon generally takes a moderate position; he is critical of atheism, but still more so of "superstition", a word which in his usage would encompass religious fanaticism as well as superstition in the modern sense. ("It were better to have no opinion of God at all, than such an opinion as is unworthy of him").
Not all the essays are of the same interest to the modern reader; "Of Love", for example, reads like the musings of a cynic who has never been in love with anyone, and "Of Building" and "Of Gardens" say little of general interest, being merely a description of an idealised princely palace and its surroundings. My main criticism of this particular edition ("Everyman's University Library"), however, has nothing to do with the essays themselves, which remain thought-provoking and pertinent four hundred years after they were written. I felt that Mr Hawkins should have provided greater assistance to the modern reader, especially as this volume is presented as part of a "university library". He provides a glossary of obscure words and those which have changed their meaning since Bacon's day, and translations of the various Latin quotations, but there are no footnotes to explain Bacon's many allusions. To take an example, he translates Caesar's epigram "Sylla nescivit litteras; non potuit dictare" ("Sylla was ignorant of letters; he could not dictate"), but he does not explain who Sylla was, nor the occasion on which Caesar uttered these words, nor what Caesar meant by them.
This matters because Bacon was clearly writing for the educated reader, but many allusions which would have been easily comprehensible to any educated reader in the early seventeenth century have, with the passage of time, become much less so to an educated reader in the early twenty-first. For this reason, therefore, this is not an edition I could recommend; anyone with an interest in Bacon would be well-advised to seek out a more scholarly version.
5 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Style plus Substance
By Martin Asiner
There is little doubt that for the modern reader, usually the college undergraduate, reading Bacon's essays is a challenging obstacle. It is not simply that his essays were written more than four centuries ago and that the English language has evolved considerably since then. The problem lies more in the style in which Bacon felt most comfortable. His erudition was immense. His audience was not meant to be the ill-trained lower class tradesman still fumbling with the rudiments of Basic English. Rather, he wrote for readers much like himself, highly conversant in history, literature, foreign languages, and philosophy.
When Bacon first began to write his essays, his primary model was Montaigne, who wrote in the highly personalized, discursive style that Bacon felt ill-equipped to emulate. Bacon was one of the first of his era to write in the terse epigrammatic style in which much is said in few words. Today, many of his sentences read as if they were taken straight from Chinese fortune cookies. Bacon favored the use of balanced phrases and parallel construction. Such writing calls attention to itself, even to the point where the means may overwhelm the message. Much of his work is replete with references to classical writers of antiquity. He often drops a vague reference to an unnamed Greek or Roman, whose identity must be supplied by editors in the form of helpful footnotes. The cultural illiteracy of modern youth is evident since it does little good to know the name without also knowing a great deal about the life and times of that writer, most of which cannot be squeezed into a footnote. Bacon also uses highly Latinate sentences with wild abandon. Since most readers today have trouble recalling their high school Latin, footnotes are again necessary.
Bacon begins his essays with a helpful one sentence summation of his thesis. Sometimes he takes a definite stand as in "Of Parents and Children" and in others as in "Of Marriage and Single Life" he does not. The reader must ascertain which essay provides this definitive result, and with Bacon, this is not always an easy task. Part of the problem that readers today have with plowing through Bacon's essays is that they have been trained to look for ideas in the context of the whole paragraph, which usually boils down to main idea, supporting detail, and conclusion. Bacon, however, did not achieve his fame in that manner. The persistent reader will discover that the key to Bacon is to look for meaning not in the macroscopic world of the paragraph but in the microscopic world of the individual phrase or even the solitary word. Bacon's penchant for the pithy phrase and illusive word often carry the linguistic day. The rest of the paragraph is often no more than a refutation or support of that word or phrase.
Adding to Bacon's aforementioned writing quirks is yet another: his use of antithesis, which refers to statements for or against a topic. Bacon often wrote his essays as if he were setting up both sides of a debate, thus necessitating giving evidence from both sides. Since his observations frequently dealt with generalized assessments of human life and how it should be lived, the reader had to assimilate these contraries, sometimes without even knowing which stand Bacon favored. And it is here that Bacon connects style to content. Since Bacon favored the inductive method of thought and research, one that proceeds from evidence to conclusion, it made sense for him to observe the world by noting both sides of a controversial issue. The reader, then, in the absence of Bacon's blunt support of one side or another, had to examine the evidence before reaching his own conclusion. Since the target audience was the seeker of power or the man about town, Bacon wanted to train that man to look beyond the obvious, to coolly and deliberately assess his position before advancing. This presupposed a mind much like Bacon's own. Modern readers are not used to such a cold and calculating approach to life, and it is as much this as any linguistic device that renders Bacon's essays both challenging and discomforting.
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