Selasa, 30 September 2014

~ PDF Download Analgesic and NSAID-induced Kidney Disease (Oxford Clinical Nephrology Series)From Oxford University Press

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Analgesic nephropathy, first recognized in 1950, was for two decades the most common cause of both acute and chronic renal failure in Australia and parts of Europe. This comprehensive text traces the story of the disease from its early description to its ultimately successful prevention. The etiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment are described by those who have played leading roles in elucidating the nature of the disease, and in persuading society to take effective measures to prevent its occurrence. The second section describes those renal disorders resulting from the use of newer non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol - disorders which are rising in frequency and may prove more difficult to prevent. Finally, the book considers the urothelial cancers caused by phenacetin-containing headache powders, a late outcome of analgesic abuse. With contributions from a distinguished international group of authors, this is a unique book on a challenging problem. Throughout the text, theory and practice are integrated, and attention is drawn to the valuable lessons gained from the study of the analgesic nephropathies.

  • Sales Rank: #6261028 in Books
  • Published on: 1993-03-25
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.50" h x .96" w x 6.38" l, 1.52 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 312 pages

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The history of the Viking peoples and kingdoms, from their half-glimpsed origins and legendary prehistory to the triumphs of Canute, is as exciting a story as has ever been told. Professor Jones's classic work incorporates all the latest research.

  • Sales Rank: #2684959 in Books
  • Published on: 1984-11-29
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 7.69" h x 1.16" w x 5.06" l,
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 528 pages
Features
  • Viking History Medieval Scandinavia England France Russia

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56 of 56 people found the following review helpful.
A Comprehensive, Satisfying Survey
By Bill Perez
A clearly written, well-organized review of the full range of Viking history, from dim origins to far flung diaspora, to gradual fade. The story of the Greenland colony's disappearance is bone-chilling: like a subtle horror story, or a disturbing anxiety dream about neglect and loss. The mystery of it, and the other-worldly setting, raised the hairs on my spine. The book is an ample exploration of the entire gamut of Viking history, and strives to redress some of the demonization that has traditionally beset Vikings in history, presenting the archaeological evidence (such as it was in the late 60's--which is to say, not bad) alongside the contemporary accounts (including the fascinating diary entries of Arab travelers). Much of Viking history is a puzzle, so one must bear with some of the writer's detective work regarding placenames, dates, saga deconstruction and principal actors; but it helps to know the basis of the author's conclusions--where the firm ground is, and which claims are more or less tacit. The footnotes and bibliography are extensive and helpful.

34 of 37 people found the following review helpful.
This may be the compleat Viking saga
By Owen Hughes
This may be the compleat Viking saga, however unlikely that sounds. It just seems to have everything, including Viking girth, humor and robustness. However, if your interest in the Vikings is only superficial, and your mastery of English is not quite up to it, you won't read very far. Gwyn Jones has written a densely-packed narrative (for, in spite of being very much non-fiction, he manages to keep us in a narrative stream) which requires only so many mouthfuls at a sitting. For my money, only the experienced or very persistent reader of Norse history will get along with this work, but oh what a ride he or she will have. Jones is, oh happy day, the sort of writer whose scholarly leanings have not over-reached themselves so far that he cannot take risks, sometimes in the most delightful fashion. The text abounds in marvellous one-liners, so that it is possible to imagine the writer acting the fool to some sixth century prince of a Northern realm, and having to be very quick on his feet to stay alive. There is much history here, no doubt, yet Jones has taken it and presented it all with a very large grain of salt, such that I for one, am very confident about the skipper on this particular voyage. It's a remarkable book, what more can one say. Thoroughly recommended.

15 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
Thoughtful, scholarly, if you only read one-this is it
By Harald Hansen
Jones has a way of laying out evidence and reasoning that allows the reader to follow along with the process of making conclusions about the Viking era from the available evidence. I've read many viking histories and consider this one to be the best balanced, most closely reasoned.

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Senin, 29 September 2014

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  • Sales Rank: #13112202 in Books
  • Published on: 1993-02
  • Format: Import
  • Original language: English
  • Binding: Leather Bound
  • 384 pages

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Rabu, 24 September 2014

## Download Ebook Strange Tales from The StrandFrom Oxford University Press

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Strange Tales from The StrandFrom Oxford University Press

Containing twenty-nine stories of the weird and uncanny, all originally published in the Strand, this collection is an enthralling mix of horror and the supernatural, unnatural disasters, madness, and revenge. We read of a germ that turned the world blind in Edgar Wallace's "The Black Grippe." In "A Sense of the Future," the world supply of oil gives out, cars become obsolete, and after three months we have returned to the days of horse-drawn carriages. In other tales, a camera takes pictures of the future, and a 1971 newspaper is pushed through a mail slot forty years earlier. With spine-tingling stories from the likes of Sapper, Graham Greene, D.H. Lawrence, and Arthur Conan Doyle, and a comic fantasy by H.G. Wells, as well as two tales from the children's writer E. Nesbit, Strange Tales from the Strand provides a rich collection for all lovers of the macabre.

  • Sales Rank: #2134643 in Books
  • Published on: 1992-11-26
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 7.75" h x 1.06" w x 5.06" l,
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 400 pages

About the Author

About the Editor: Jack Adrian is the author of several thrillers as well as war and science fiction novels. An authority on this century's popular and genre fiction, he has compiled a number of anthologies and single-author collections, and has edited E.F. Benson, and Desirable Residences and Other Stories.

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2 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
ASSUREDLY STRANGE; AND THAT IS A GOOD THING
By Dennis K. Taylor
Strange is as it should be. This collection is about enjoyment from gifted English prose stylists on a crusade to bend reality. The Strand Magazine was one of the premier prose outlets of its day and this collection serves to introduce it to a new audience. The stories are delightful reading, some dark, some whimsical, some in the venerable futuristic style. Anticipation arises as the reader comes to the end of a story and turns that corner into the next. Some offerings demand serious reflection. This collection is one that over time will be reread at least once, perhaps more.

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Kamis, 18 September 2014

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This is a magnificent new resource for promoting good singing in schools and choirs. Packed with songs and ideas, the book and double CD will inspire any choir and make singing fun.

  • Sales Rank: #1685990 in Books
  • Brand: Oxford University Press
  • Published on: 2001-08-09
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.30" h x .60" w x 11.30" l, 1.46 pounds
  • Binding: Spiral-bound
  • 172 pages

Review
'There are few musicians better qualified to assemble this broad and eclectic collection of music than Peter Hunt, a practising teacher and choral animateur.' Australian Music Teacher March 2002

'OUP has done it again! Yet another excellent publication, this time for the choir trainer and conductor, together with a useful CD of many of the sixty songs to be found in the book. In keeping with OUP's usual high standard of publication, this book is well presented and well bound, this
time in a ring wire binder . . . The author and compiler of the songs in this extensive album is Peter Hunt, a well-known and highly respected fixture in the world of children's choral music. As well as being an author, Mr Hunt is clearly an innovator of considerable talent, whose words of wisdom
are well worth reading. With OUP as his publisher, and the album bearing the imprimateur of the BFYC, the pedigree of this book would be difficult to challenge.' Henry Howell, Australian Music Teacher, March 03

. . . cont 'At every stage, material is provided so that pupils can go away from the lesson with ideas for their own musical invention, in addition to attractive songs committed to memory. The accent is always on discovery and understanding, never on note-bashing . . . Voiceworks fulfils many
needs, provides well for the top years of primary education and on through secondary to GCSE. I am excited by the prospect of hearing singing based on its approach in schools in which the voice has been neglected in favour of IT and group percussion. I anticipate this resource, properly used, making
a difference to the aural and creative capacities of students in a manner which could positively affect the musical confidence of young people in years to come.' Nicholas Bannan, British Journal of Music Education 2002

'The publication of this impressive volume with its accompanying CDs is vindication for the many teachers and educationists who, beginning with a vocally creative counter-culture in the 1980s, have contributed to one of the more positive ideological and pedagogical U-turns in curriculum design
and cultural provision to have occurred in our field . . . Above all this book recognises its brief as developing the whole musical personality and experience of participants: it could form as effective a basis for developing composition as it does for the singers for whom it is intended. Some of
the material, indeed, is written by schoolchildren themselves . . . cont - Nicholas Bannan, British Journal of Music Education 2002

cont . . . 'This book was a pleasure to review, given that its pages contain more 'goodies' than a plum pudding contains raisins, and in its own way, is every bit as palatable . . . The all-important content is wide, comprehensive and varied, with something for every choir trainer and
chorister, and drawn from all over the world . . . I believe that this book, written with care, scholarship of a high order, and expertise, will be a very useful tool for every choir trainer, and should virtually guarantee success if used logically. What is more, it is FUN, and this, more than
anything else, is what youngsters need from any form of musical training. Highly recommended.' Henry Howell, Australian Music Teacher March 03

'. . . It is excellent stuff containing a wide range of music, and an introduction that includes well described relevant topics which will inform not only a newcomer but will also add to the knowledge of more experienced practitioners . . . All this is a good prelude to the undoubted triumph
of the publication - the material itself . . It contains 60 songs from unison to four-part harmony, ideal in style and subject for our young charges . . . This is an exciting publication, which will be welcomed by those working in schools and community groups alike. It contains good material that
will be appealing across a wide range of young people, well presented, with useful notes and rehearsal tips and with photocopiable pages to hand out if required. Manna from heaven I say. Buy it now and start planing what you will do with it in the future.' Christophe Bell Music Teacher Sept
2001

'However, it can sometimes be daunting for teachers to know how to maintain the momentum, day after day, which was created in an inspirational session by an animateur. Choosing appropriate repertoire is crucial and this book provides a huge bank of materials. . . This is an excellent resource
for anyone involved with young people's singing. The pieces are presented in a way which makes them flexible enough to suit a new group or provide challenging and enjoyable material for the more experienced choir.' Sandy Chenery, The Singer February 2002

cont . . . There is material for the inexperienced singer, as well as for the more experienced. From the student's point of view all of the songs are fun to try and even the most reluctant singers will want to join in when they see what a good time the rest are having with the excellent and
varied repertoire. . . . I have used many of the excellent ideas in this book with my own young choirs and they have really enjoyed them. I taught music in schools for 32 years and I wish that this book had been around when I started out. I think that Voiceworks has the potential to be the most
significant contribution to improving the teaching of singing in Key Stage 3 (11-14 years) that we have seen in the last 30 years.'Christopher Simmons, Europa Cantat Magazine October 2001

'This book, full of songs chosen from a vast range of repertoire and styles, is an exciting new resource for promoting good singing in schools and choirs . . . Delegates were delighted to be working with Peter again, and also with this addition to the singing repertoire, which is packed with
songs and ideas, filling a gap which has long been experienced by key stage 3 teachers.' SMA Bulletin Jan 02

About the Author
Peter Hunt is the inspiration behind OUP's highly successful Voiceworks series, author of four of its titles, and series editor. He is a highly skilled teacher with extensive experience as a choral animateur, clinician, workshop leader, conductor, and arranger. He regularly conducts children's choirs and organises large-scale singing events with young people. The wealth of eclectic material in the Voiceworks series, and the useful teaching notes have made the series a significant contributor to the recent revival of singing and the development of confident singing leaders in the UK. Peter has delivered workshops and Inset training all over the UK, Ireland, Australia, and the USA, and has a reputation for lively, stimulating and highly informative sessions born of real practical experience in the classroom. Peter is Deputy Head of Berkshire Maestros - the young musicians' trust - the Hub which is delivering music education for young people across the county of Berkshire, UK.

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Great resource for Choir Teachers of all ages!
By DJ Feet
I really like this book. It has a lot of great ideas and reproducible songs with very organic arrangements. Great for a beginning choir director.

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Rabu, 17 September 2014

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The revised edition of Fiddle Time Scales 1 is brimming over with creative ideas and packed with imaginative and amusing cartoons to make learning scales and arpeggios easy.

  • Sales Rank: #1215500 in Books
  • Brand: Oxford University Press
  • Model: 9780193385900
  • Published on: 2012-01-12
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 11.38" h x .12" w x 9.09" l, .31 pounds
  • Binding: Sheet music
  • 32 pages

About the Author
Kathy Blackwell, B. Mus. (Hons.), LTCL, LGSM, studied music at Edinburgh University and continued with post-graduate studies in music at the University of Oxford. Kathy is a string teacher with many years experience of teaching violin and viola. She developed her teaching ideas at the coalface in both Music Services and in private practice, working with groups large and small and in one-to-one lessons. She was a strings consultant for the ABRSM Music Medals initiative, a new assessment specifically designed for students taught in groups, and a contributor to the accompanying book All together! Teaching Music in Groups (ABRSM, 2004). Her teaching experience has led her to co-author Fiddle, Viola, and Cello Time, published by Oxford University Press, with her husband, David. Kathy and David have presented workshops in the UK, Australia, Hong Kong, and Singapore. David Blackwell studied music at Edinburgh University, after which he pursued a career in music publishing, first at ABRSM and then at Oxford University Press. He is co-editor of OUP's In the Mood: 17 Jazz Classics for Choirs and Carols for Choirs 5, and has published a number of single choral arrangements. He is co-writer with his wife Kathy of OUP's award-winning string series, Fiddle, Viola, Cello Time, and String Time, which have twice won the MIA award for Best Educational Publication. He now works as a freelance music editor, composer and arranger.

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>> Free PDF Prison Break: Why Conservatives Turned Against Mass Incarceration (Studies in Post War American Political Development), by David Dagan, St

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American conservatism rose hand-in-hand with the growth of mass incarceration. For decades, conservatives deployed "tough on crime" rhetoric to attack liberals as out-of-touch elitists who coddled criminals while the nation spiraled toward disorder. As a result, conservatives have been the motive force in building our vast prison system. Indeed, expanding the number of Americans under lock and key was long a point of pride for politicians on the right - even as the U.S. prison population eclipsed international records.

Over the last few years, conservatives in Washington, D.C. and in bright-red states like Georgia and Texas, have reversed course, and are now leading the charge to curb prison growth. In Prison Break, David Dagan and Steve Teles explain how this striking turn of events occurred, how it will affect mass incarceration, and what it teaches us about achieving policy breakthroughs in our polarized age. Combining insights from law, sociology, and political science, Teles and Dagan will offer the first comprehensive account of this major political shift. In a challenge to the conventional wisdom, they argue that the fiscal pressures brought on by recession are only a small part of the explanation for the conservatives' shift, over-shadowed by Republicans' increasing anti-statism, the waning efficacy of "tough on crime" politics and the increasing engagement of evangelicals. These forces set the stage for a small cadre of conservative leaders to reframe criminal justice in terms of redeeming wayward souls and rolling back government.

These developments have created the potential to significantly reduce mass incarceration, but only if reformers on both the right and the left play their cards right. As Dagan and Teles stress, there is also a broader lesson in this story about the conditions for cross-party cooperation in our polarized age. Partisan identity, they argue, generally precedes position-taking, and policy breakthroughs are unlikely to come by "reaching across the aisle," promoting "compromise," or appealing to "expert opinion." Instead, change happens when political movements redefine their own orthodoxies for their own reasons. As Dagan and Teles show, outsiders can assist in this process - and they played a crucial role in the case of criminal justice - but they cannot manufacture it. This book will not only reshape our understanding of conservatism and American penal policy, but also force us to reconsider the drivers of policy innovation in the context of American politics.

  • Sales Rank: #264756 in Books
  • Published on: 2016-06-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 5.80" h x 1.10" w x 8.40" l, .0 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 256 pages

Review

"With academic rigor and literary verve, in this excellent and timely book, Dagan and Teles insightfully describe, analyze, and assess the conservative trek from a consensus on get-tough crime policies to a coalition favoring expansive justice system reforms."
--John J. DiIulio, Jr., Frederic Fox Leadership Professor, University of Pennsylvania, former Director, White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives


"With clarity, concision, and an astute understanding of what makes politics tick, David Dagan and Steven Teles peer inside the black box of social change and show how a handful of strange bedfellows catalyzed seemingly impossible reforms-and how it might happen again. Cynics, beware: Prison Break will restore your faith that, with a lot of smarts and a little luck, American politics can still deliver."
--Jonathan Rauch, Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution


"Prison Break offers a fluid and interesting account of how the right moved 'left' on policies to reduce the size of U.S. prison populations. Whether this burgeoning movement has legs is the real question. Dagan and Teles offer important insights here, as well."
--Tracey L. Meares, Walton Hale Hamilton Professor of Law, Yale Law School


"Can gridlock be unlocked? David Dagan and Steven Teles say it can, and explain how. The key is allowing people to change their minds without leaving their political tribes. Using the conservative movement opposing mass incarceration as a case study, Prison Break provides a dazzling analysis of the possibility, and the difficulty, of reform in the face of polarization."
--Mark A. R. Kleiman, Professor Emeritus of Public Policy, UCLA


"In Prison Break, David Dagan and Steven Teles tell the remarkable story of how the politics of crime has shifted-in particular, how a growing movement on the political right has sought to redefine conservatives as 'smart on crime' rather than simply 'tough on crime.' In so doing, they add significantly to our understanding of a vital public issue and the surprising constellation of reform forces that has emerged."
-- Brink Lindsey, Cato Institute


"Dagan and Teles have written a thoughtful book that traces the decline in favor of so-called "tough-on-crime" positions among conservatives. They convincingly argue that right-wingers have turned against mass incarceration for reasons beyond the exorbitant costs of locking up and monitoring people in record numbers. Instead, a number of factors, including shifting demographics, lower crime rates, and religious convictions, have combined to persuade conservatives that there are simply too many Americans in prisons."
--Pacific Standard


About the Author

David Dagan is a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at Johns Hopkins University.

Steven Teles is Associate Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, and is the author of The Conservative Legal Movement in America (Princeton UP).

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Orthodox international relations theory considers foreign affairs to be the exclusive purview of national governments. Yet as Rodrigo Tavares demonstrates, the vast majority of leading sub-states and cities are currently practicing foreign affairs, both bilaterally and multilaterally. Subnational governments in Asia, the Americas, Europe and Africa are changing traditional notions of sovereignty, diplomacy, and foreign policy as they carry out diplomatic endeavors and establish transnational networks around areas such as education, healthcare, climate change, waste management, or transportation. In fact, subnational activity and activism in the international arena is growing at a rate that far exceeds that carried out by the traditional representatives of sovereign states.

Paradiplomacy is the first definitive practitioner's guide to foreign policy at the subnational level. In this seminal work, Tavares draws from a unique pool of best practices and case studies from all over the world to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the conceptual, juridical, operational, organizational, governmental and diplomatic parameters of paradiplomacy.

  • Published on: 2016-09-01
  • Original language: English
  • Dimensions: 5.31" h x 1.00" w x 8.75" l, .0 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 286 pages

Review

"Paradiplomacy sheds light upon one of the great challenges of our times. It is essential reading at a time when city diplomacy is an ever-growing global phenomenon, and when local powers are taking more and more the roles of central powers. By uncovering the tremendous potential of hundreds of external policies that we, Mayors, are pursuing together, the book shows how city diplomacy may bring a collective answer to the challenges we are facing. Rodrigo Tavares fully embraces the singularity of local powers and the universality of their engagement. By doing so, he highlights one of the most significant trends in our century."
--Anne Hidalgo, Mayor of Paris, Chair of C40, Chair of International Association of Francophone Mayors (AIMF)


"The increasing frequency and intensity of government-to-government international exchange make this well researched book overdue. Mayors are problem solvers who daily exercise wide-ranging executive authority. Their international exchanges may be driven by local economic imperatives, but as often result from frustration with federal inaction, inflexibility or inattention. Rodrigo Tavares' Paradiplomacy effectively places this growing trend in historical context and highlights our options moving ahead."
--Annise Parker, Mayor of Houston (2010-2016) Steering Committee member, World Energy Cities Partnership (WECP) and C40


"Most of the world's population now live in cities; and Rodrigo Tavares shows that city and sub-national governments play a critical role in helping the world to deal with climate change, social equity and economic growth".
--Linda J. Bilmes, Daniel Patrick Moynihan Senior Lecturer in Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University


"This book gives paradiplomacy the place it deserves in the diplomacy literature! It is a suitable reference book for both practitioners such as diplomats and government officials, and academics interested in the changing nature of multilateralism."
--Luk Van Langenhove, United Nations University


"Rodrigo Tavares' book substantially enriches the literature on paradiplomacy. It provides tons of interesting and well-organized new material, and will need to be read by anybody working on the international relations of sub-state entities."
--André Lecours, University of Ottawa


"Through the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative, the IDB has witnessed the prominent role that Latin American cities play in the region's affairs and the importance of city-to-city international cooperation. Tavares' Paradiplomacy is mandatory reading to whoever wishes to understand why subnational international cooperation is key to solving the sustainability challenges of our increasingly urban future."
-- Ellis J. Juan, former General Coordinator of the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) and current Chief of the Housing and Urban Development Division (HUD) at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)


About the Author

Rodrigo Tavares is the CEO of Granito & Partners and a Research Fellow at UN University (UNU-CRIS). He served as Head of the Office of Foreign Affairs of São Paulo's State Government (2011-2014), and was a Senior Research Fellow at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.

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Clinical Paediatric NephrologyFrom Oxford University Press

This highly acclaimed book deals with all the key kidney, ureter and bladder problems likely to be encountered by the non-specialist paediatrician and paediatric nephrologist.

The book adopts an evidence-based, problem solving approach and focuses on presenting clinical symptoms rather than being disease oriented. Emphasis is placed on differential diagnosis, evaluation and treatment. Where no evidence is available or where controversy exists, a clear opinion on the most appropriate treatment is provided. For this completely revised and updated edition over half of the text is revised. New chapters have been added on psychosocial care principles, drug prescribing in children and paediatric nephrology in the third world. Certain chapters have been condensed for clarity and other chapters have been combined to facilitate practical use. This edition is based around practical guidelines and contributions have been collected from international experts in the field. The chapters contain key point boxes highlighting the important take-home messages.

The well-structured text is ideal for trainee and non-specialist paediatricians, for psediatric nephrologists and for nephrologists and urologists with an interest in children. This book is undoubtedly regarded as "the" paediatric nephrology textbook to be held of the shelves of all General Paediatric departmental libraries.

  • Sales Rank: #5133858 in Books
  • Published on: 2003-04-03
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 7.60" h x 1.40" w x 9.80" l, 2.96 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 536 pages

Review
The strengths of past editions of Clinical Paediatric Nephrology have been comprehensiveness and conciseness. In the latest, the original editor has become the junior - is this where postgraduate medical education is leading us? - the publisher has changed and the menu has expanded to include psychosocial matters, information for families and third-world paediatric nephrology. Passe contributors have been dumped and the fresh team is international, multi-disciplinary and multiprofessional. The ephebic transformation is dazzling ... In its latest guise, this work remains a must for postgraduate examination candidates and many paediatric departments will wish to possess it as a bench tool. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, Vol 97 Anyone involved in the care of children should ensure that this book is readily available for reference in their department library or clinical area. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 83 This is an extremely valuable text for any paediatrician, and remains the standard clinical text for those with a special interest in nephrology. It is also highly recommended for paediatric nephrologists, particularly those in training, and for physicians wishing to broaden their knowledge base of those conditions with their basis in childhood. Renal Medicine From reviews of the previous edition: ... destined to become a major British textbook in its field. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine ... a strong candidate for the one textbook on paediatric kidney disease that a primary care physician might care to own. New England Journal of Medicine

About the Author
Nicholas Webb is at Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK. Robert Postlethwaite is at Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK.

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! Download Does Torture Work?, by John W. Schiemann

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Does Torture Work?, by John W. Schiemann

Does Torture Work?, by John W. Schiemann



Does Torture Work?, by John W. Schiemann

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Does Torture Work?, by John W. Schiemann

When the Senate released its so-called "Torture Report" in December 2014 the world would learn that, for years, the CIA had used unimaginably brutal methods to interrogate its prisoners - often without yielding any useful or truthful information. The agency had long and adamantly defended its use of torture, staunchly arguing that it was not only just but necessary for the country's safety. And even amid the revelations of the report, questions abound about whether torture can be considered a justifiable tool of national security.

Is interrogational torture an effective method of extracting information? How good does the information extracted need to be for the torture to be considered successful? How often or how vigorously must torture be used to achieve valuable information? It may be the case that interrogational torture can never be justified under any circumstances, but, according to John Schiemann, if it is to be justified at all, it must be effective. According to more than one national poll, most Americans do believe that torture can work, and that it can be justified under certain circumstances. But if the information that torturers extract is bad, then the method amounts to nothing more than pure sadism. So, how can we solve the dilemma over whether to torture or not to torture?

In this book, John Schiemann takes a truly unique approach to the question of torture: game theory. Thinking of torture as a "game" played between an interrogator and a detainee, the book walks the reader through the logic of interrogational torture, comparing the outcomes to the claims made by torture proponents. The book draws on a wide variety of sources ranging from records of the Inquisition to secret CIA memos to trace this logic, illustrating each outcome of the model with a narrative from the real world of interrogational torture. Does Torture Work? is an absorbing and provocative take on one of the most discussed human rights and security dilemmas of our time.

  • Sales Rank: #789834 in Books
  • Published on: 2015-11-02
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 6.40" h x 1.30" w x 9.50" l, .0 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 336 pages

Review

"Does Torture Work? will stand as a foundational text in the continuing effort to set the study of torture on sound scholarly foundations, marking out a new line of social scientific inquiry. Each chapter combines real world examples with clear deductive reasoning, setting aside quixotic and mythical reasoning. Organized for the general educated reader, illuminating for the specialist, and thought-provoking for future scholars testing out Schiemann's propositions." -Darius Rejali, author of Torture and Democracy


"John Schiemann actually says something fresh about the issue of torture by a rigorous examination of the game theory underlying the encounter between the torturer and the victim from whom information is being sought. Given that many of the defenses of torture are issued by self-styled 'realists,' this is an important demonstration of the fact that the decision to torture is basically irrational in that it is highly likely to be counter-productive when carefully analyzed (putting to one side the obvious moral objections). His carefully worked out argument deserves wide attention." -Sanford Levinson, editor of Torture: A Collection


"John Schienmann's Does Torture Work? is a remarkable book that uses game theory to demonstrate that the negative consequences of torture far outweigh the perceived benefits when evaluating torture's effectiveness. His conclusions are surprising and worthy of inclusion in any substantial discussion of coercive interrogation techniques." -Matthew Alexander, author of Kill or Capture


"From the standpoint of a professional mathematics educator, I can see this book being used productively as the springboard for an interesting discussion on the use (and limitations) of game theory. From the standpoint of a citizen, I see this book as raising questions and offering ideas that merit intelligent discussion." --Mathematical Association of America, Mark Hunacek, Iowa State University


"Schiemann separates opinion and political position from objective analysis. He presents facts. His case is categorical, magisterial, exhaustive, original, and terribly, tragically sad. He demolishes the liars, partisan, supporters and defenders of torture." -Glenn Carle, author of The Interrogator: An Education


From the Author
1. Was there anything that you found surprising when researching for this book? If so, what?

Yes, I was surprised in three ways:

First, I was surprised by the power of the individual insights emerging from the formal game theoretic model. Although as someone who had used game theory before I had expected some of this, I kept being surprised each time I explored a new aspect of the model. Sometimes these took the form of a result that matched up with something we already knew, but emerged from the model. An example of this is a (knowledgeable) detainee's decision about whether or not to divulge information. In the model, just as in the brutal logic of torture in real life, this is a balance (ratio) between the value of the information and the pain of torture he wants to avoid. Derived deductively in the model, this simple mathematical form allowed me to explore important substantive problems like torture's slippery slope: once it starts being used, it tends to get more and more brutal. At other times the insight would be something new, not discussed in previous studies of torture. I found, for example, that what I call "surprise torture" - torture of someone who has already given up all of her or his valuable information - is very likely once torture is permitted as an interrogation technique. So I was a little taken aback at just how many different aspects and outcomes of interrogational torture could be accounted for in one relatively simple logical framework.

Second, and related to what I just said, I didn't expect to see just how profoundly and in how many different ways interrogational torture fails to match up to even those standards and expectations of its proponents. Originally, I thought the model might identify some conditions under which it works and other conditions under which it didn't and that would be pretty much it. As all those other insights I mentioned above began to emerge from the model, they began to paint a more damning picture than I had imagined - even though the assumptions of the model are actually quite favorable to proponents of interrogational torture.

Third, with respect to the historical research in the book, I was struck by the remarkable similarity of accounts of torture across time and place. Without ignoring or obscuring obvious and important differences, what stood out for me in terms of the methods, the concerns about torture's effectiveness, and victims own experiences, were their similarities, from the Visigoths in Spain to St. Augustine, to the Inquisition to medieval European jurisprudence to the French in Algeria, the British in Northern Ireland, to Israel to the CIA after 9/11.


2. Since you had made some predictions back in 2012 based on the model in your book, were you surprised by what you read in the Senate intelligence committee's "torture report" released in December 2014?

Yes, I was. As a human being and a patriotic American, I was surprised and disappointed at just how brutal the torture was and shocked at just how ineffective. As a social scientist who believes in my own work, I shouldn't have been surprised, since the report confirmed very clear predictions about both brutality and effectiveness I had made in a journal article back in 2012. But there is always uncertainty around those predictions (which is why we don't make them very often) and of course the human being and American in me didn't want them to be true.


3. What led you to use math and game theory to study torture?

Like other Americans I wondered about our use of torture when it came out in 2006. Why were we doing it? Was it really necessary, as the Bush Administration claimed? Was it as effective as he and others claimed? So I started to look around and noticed there was no systematic evidence about effectiveness. I also read some mathematical models of various aspects of torture but was surprised to find almost nothing on effectiveness. Since the dynamic between an interrogator and a detainee was inherently strategic and the logic of torture according to proponents themselves is a cost-benefit one, I thought it might be worth seeing whether a model built according to proponents would come out the way they argued it would.

4. Do you think there are many misconceptions regarding the topic of your book? If so, what?

Yes, two, both having to do with using game theory to study torture. The first is an objection that one can't and shouldn't "reduce" the pain of torture to numbers. This stems from a totally understandable confusion about what models (don't) do, from a conflation of representation with reduction. Like any model, a game theoretic model simplifies reality, but it doesn't reduce things like pain to numbers. It represents that pain using numbers, but doesn't reduce it. It's an understandable misconception, but it's still a misconception. The second misconception is that a mathematical model can't say anything about the "real world." So if the first misconception is about the inputs to a model, the second is about its output. Models can serve as a kind of reality-check. If the model accounts for the range of outcomes we see in the real world and provides new insights about the outcomes and the way they were generated - why surprise torture happens or why the slippery slope leads to more brutal torture - then that's powerful and useful. This is particularly true in the case of interrogational torture, where we don't have systematic data to settle disputes between proponents and opponents.


5. What was the most challenging part of your research?

The emotional challenge was reading day after day detailed accounts of how my fellow human beings tortured other human beings. The intellectual challenge was working through the implications of the mathematical model in order to think about what they say about interrogational torture. Whereas the first was challenging in a negative sense, the second was positive insofar as I felt I was saying something new and important.

About the Author

John W. Schiemann is Associate Professor of Political Science at Fairleigh Dickinson University.

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